Botanical Overview
Sambucus nigra (fructus) belongs to the family Adoxaceae. The medicinally used parts are the ripe fruits or berries commonly known as Elderberry or Black elder. Native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, the dark purple-black berries have a long history of use in traditional and Western herbal medicine.
Common names include Elderberry, Black elder, and European elderberry.
Energetics
The fruit is considered to have a cooling temperature and moistening quality, with sour and sweet tastes. It exhibits a descending directional energy, is relaxing in tonicity, and primarily supports the body’s fluid systems.
Primary Actions
- Antioxidant
- Antiviral
- Anti-inflammatory
- Diaphoretic
- Mild laxative
Indications
Western
- Cold
- Flu
- Fever
- Cough
- Sinus congestion
- Constipation
Syndromes
- Upper respiratory tract infections
- Viral infections
- Mild constipation
TCM
No well-documented traditional Chinese medicine indications for the fruit.
Ayurveda
No well-documented traditional Ayurvedic uses specific to the fruit.
Unani
No well-documented traditional Unani uses specific to the fruit.
Constituents & Mechanisms
The primary phytochemical constituents of elderberries include anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and vitamin C, which contribute to its antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Dosage & Preparations
- Dried fruit infusion 2-4 g, three times daily
- Syrup 1-2 teaspoons, three times daily
- Tincture 1:5 40%, 2-5 mL, three times daily
Safety & Contraindications
Generally considered safe when used appropriately. Raw or unripe berries contain cyanogenic glycosides and may cause gastrointestinal discomfort if consumed. Use caution during pregnancy and lactation due to insufficient safety data. Potential interactions with diuretics and immunosuppressants have been noted. Avoid if hypersensitive to Sambucus species.
Astrological Correspondences
No well-supported planetary or elemental rulers documented in authoritative sources for Sambucus nigra fructus.
Selected References
- European Medicines Agency (EMA) assessment report on Sambucus nigra fructus, 2017
- Plants For A Future (PFAF): Sambucus nigra L.
- Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2023
- Zakay-Rones Z et al. Clinical trials of elderberry for upper respiratory infections, PubMed 2004