Regions: Temperate regions worldwide

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  • Plantago major

    Botanical Overview Plantago major L., commonly known as Broadleaf plantain, Greater plantain, or Common plantain, belongs to the Plantaginaceae family. It is native to temperate regions worldwide, including Europe, North America, and Asia. The herbaceous perennial grows low to the ground and is known for its broad, ovate leaves and inconspicuous flowers. The primary parts…


  • Usnea spp.

    Botanical Overview Usnea spp., commonly known as Old man’s beard or lichen moss, is a genus of fruticose lichens belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. It is widely distributed in temperate regions worldwide. The medicinally used part is the thallus, which is the main vegetative body of the lichen. Energetics Usnea is considered cooling and drying…


  • Linum usitatissimum (semen)

    Botanical Overview Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed or linseed) is a plant in the Linaceae family cultivated widely in temperate regions worldwide including Europe, Asia, and North America. The seed (semen) is the primary medicinal part used traditionally and in modern herbalism. Common names include Flaxseed and Linseed. Energetics The seeds possess a cooling temperature and moistening…


  • Malus domestica (pericarp)

    Botanical Overview Malus domestica, commonly known as apple, belongs to the Rosaceae family. The medicinal part considered here is the pericarp, or the fleshy fruit. Apples are widely cultivated in temperate regions worldwide and commonly used both as food and traditional medicine. Common names include apple fruit and apple pericarp. Energetics The apple pericarp is…