Contraindications: gastrointestinal obstruction

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  • Quercus robur (cortex)

    Botanical Overview Quercus robur (cortex), commonly known as English oak or oak bark, belongs to the Fagaceae family. The medicinal part used is the bark, harvested predominantly in European and Western Asian regions. Oak bark has a long history of use in traditional Western herbal medicine. Energetics Oak bark is considered cooling in temperature and…


  • Mahonia aquifolium

    Botanical Overview Mahonia aquifolium, commonly known as Oregon grape, holly grape, or Mahonia, is a member of the Berberidaceae family native to North America, especially the Pacific Northwest, Western United States, and Canada. The plant’s root, root bark, stem bark, and leaves are utilized medicinally. Energetics The energetics of Mahonia aquifolium are characterized as cooling…